Five built-in wavelets of the seismic source are available. The corresponding source time functions are defined in \texttt{src/wavelet.c}. You may modify the time functions in this file and recompile to include your
own analytical wavelet or to modify the shape of the built-in wavelets.
s3(t)=0.75 \pi f_c \sin(\pi(t+t_d)f_c)^3\quad\mbox{if}\quad t \in[t_d,t_d+1/fc]\quad\mbox{else}\quad s3(t)=0
\label{eq_s3}
\end{equation}
First derivative of a Gaussian function (SOURCE\_SHAPE=5):
SOURCE\_SHAPE=5, First derivative of a Gaussian function:
\begin{equation}
f(t)= -2.0 a (t-t_s) \exp(-a (t-t_s)^2)\quad\mbox{with}\quad a=\pi^2 f_c^2 \quad\mbox{and}\quad t_s=1.2/f_c
\label{eq_deriv_of_gaussian}
\end{equation}
Delta pulse (SOURCE\_SHAPE=6):
Lowpass filtered delta pulse. Note, that it is not clear if the lowpass filter used in the current version works correctly for a delta pulse.\\
SOURCE\_SHAPE=6, delta pulse: Lowpass filtered delta pulse. Note, that it is not clear if the lowpass filter used in the current version works correctly for a delta pulse.\\
Source time function from SIGNAL\_FILE in su format (SOURCE\_SHAPE=7).\\
% Source time function from SIGNAL\_FILE in su format (SOURCE\_SHAPE=7).\\
In these equations, t denotes time and $f_c=1/TS$ is the center frequency. $t_d$ is a time delay which can be defined for each source position in SOURCE\_FILE. Note that the symmetric (zero phase) Ricker signal is always delayed by $1.0/f_c$, which means that after one period the maximum amplitude is excited at the source location. Three of these 5 source wavelets and the corresponding amplitude spectra for a center frequency of $f_c=50$ Hz and a delay of $t_d=0$ are plotted in Figure \ref{fig_source_wavelets_json}. Note the delay of the Ricker signal described above. The Fuchs-M\"uller wavelet has a slightly higher center frequency and covers a broader frequency range.
In these equations, t denotes time and $f_c$ is the center frequency. $t_d$ is a time delay which can be defined for each source position. Note that the symmetric (zero phase) Ricker signal is always delayed by $1.0/f_c$, which means that after one period the maximum amplitude is excited at the source location. Three of these 5 source wavelets and the corresponding amplitude spectra for a center frequency of $f_c=50$ Hz and $t_d=0$ are plotted in Figure \ref{fig_source_wavelets_json}. Note the delay of the Ricker signal described above. The Fuchs-M\"uller wavelet has a slightly higher center frequency and covers a broader frequency range.
\newline
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
...
...
@@ -162,8 +163,9 @@ spectrum, c) phase spectrum. }
\label{fig_source_wavelets_json}
\end{figure}
You may also use your own time function as the source wavelet (for instance the signal of the first arrival recorded by a geophone at near offsets). Specify SOURCE\_SHAPE=3 and save the samples of
your source wavelet in ASCII-format in SIGNAL\_FILE. SIGNAL\_FILE should contain one sample per line. It should thus look like:
\newpage
SOURCE\_SHAPE=3 allows you to use your own time function as the source wavelet stored in ASCII-format in SIGNAL\_FILE. SIGNAL\_FILE should then contain one sample per line. It should thus look like:
{\color{blue}{\begin{verbatim}
0.0
...
...
@@ -175,12 +177,17 @@ your source wavelet in ASCII-format in SIGNAL\_FILE. SIGNAL\_FILE should contain
The time interval between the samples must equal the time step interval (DT) of the FD simulation (see above)! Therefore it might be necessary to resample/interpolate a given source time function with a smaller sample rate. You may use the matlab script mfiles/resamp.m to resample your external source signal to the required sampling interval.
\newline
It is also possible to read different external source wavelets for each shot. Specify SOURCE\_SHAPE=7 and save the wavelets in su format in SIGNAL\_FILE.shot<no\_of\_shot>. The wavelets in each su file must equal the time step intervel (DT) and the number of time steps of the FD simulation!
SOURCE\_SHAPE=7 is used for reading different external source wavelets for each shot. The wavelets in SU-format need to be saved in SIGNAL\_FILE.shot<shotnumber>.su.
If you want to use the source time function inversion (INV\_STF==1, section \ref{sec:STF}) with an external wavelet, this wavelet needs to be provided at SIGNAL\_FILE.shot<shotnumber>\_start.su and the inverted wavelets will be stored in SIGNAL\_FILE.shot<shotnumber>.su (or SIGNAL\_FILE.<workflowstage>.<shotnumber>.su if you use the WORKFLOW option).
The wavelets in each su file must have the same number of samples as specified by TIME/DT!
\newline
The following source types are availabe: explosive sources that excite compressional waves only (SOURCE\_TYPE=1), and point forces in the x- and y-direction (SOURCE\_TYPE=2,3).
The force sources excite both P- and S-waves. The explosive source is located at the same position as the diagonal elements of the stress tensor, i.e. at (i,j) (Figure \ref{fig_cell}).
The forces are located at the same position as the corresponding components of particle velocity (Figure \ref{fig_cell}). If (x,y) denotes the position at which the source location is defined in source.dat, then the actual force in x-direction is located at (x+DX/2,y) and the actual force in y-direction is located at (x,y+DY/2). With SOURCE\_TYPE=4 a custom directive force can be defined by a force angle between y and x. The angle of the force must be specified in the SOURCE\_FILE after AMP. This force is not aligned along the main directions.
\newline
The locations of multiple sources must be defined in an external ASCII file (SOURCE\_FILE) that has the following format:
{\color{blue}{\begin{verbatim}
...
...
@@ -620,6 +627,7 @@ smaller than PRO the inversion aborts or in case of using frequency filtering (T
\newpage
\section{Source wavelet inversion}
\label{sec:STF}
To remove the contribution of the unknown source time function (STF) from the waveform residuals, it is necessary to design a filter which minimizes the misfit to the field recordings and raw synthetics. Therefore, a second forward simulation is applied. The first one is done with the wavelet specified in SOURCE\_SHAPE and the second one with the optimized source wavelet saved in SIGNAL\_FILE (see Section~\ref{sec:sources}). This optimized source wavelet is kept constant within N\_STF or within a frequency range (see below).\\